Glaucoma represents a group of diseases defined by a characteristic optic neuropathy (optic nerve disease), which is consistent with excavation and weakening of both optic disc and connective tissue as well as with eventual development of distinct patterns of visual impairment. Although high intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the main risk factors, its presence or absence does not play a mandatory role in defining the disease.
Diabetic retinopathy refers to the retinal changes occurring in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). These changes affect small blood vessels in the retina and may cause vision loss in different ways; it is one of the main causes of visual loss in working-age adults.
ARMD is the main cause of irreversible visual loss among elderly people all over the world, affecting 30 to 50 million individuals. It is a progressive degenerative disorder of the macula; it has a chronic nature and includes loss of visual acuity typically resultant of photoreceptors’ degeneration, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choriocapillaris.
The first goal of vision screening is to identify children who have or are at risk of developing amblyopia; this problem can lead to permanent visual impairment unless it is treated during early childhood. Important pathologies to be screened include strabismus, cataracts, glaucoma, ptosis, refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism, as well as other serious diseases like tumors or neurological diseases.
Mydriatics contain medication to dilate (increase the diameter) an eye’s pupil. There are two types of eye drops: one stimulates muscle contraction, which increases pupil (like phenylephrine); the other relaxes the muscles responsible for contracting pupil as well as relaxes the muscle responsible for the focusing action of crystalline (like ciclopentolathus and atropine). These two types of medicine are frequently used together.
Blepharitis is characterised by a complex relation between ocularpalpebral flora and meibomian glands dysfunction (MGD), arising possible consequences such as eyelid swelling, cornea and conjunctiva alterations and eye discomfort symptoms.
Conjunctivitis is a condition in which eyes look red and may produce discharges. Symptoms change from burning, itching, foreign body feeling, discharge or crust formation on eyelashes. Bacteria, virus, other infectious agents, chemical products or allergies may cause conjunctivitis.
A cataract is any opacity of the eye’s natural lens (crystalline), which is usually transparent. There are many types of cataracts. Some are small and do not affect vision; others are big and cause severe loss. Its incidence varies all over the world.
Cataract is the loss of transparence in crystalline (natural intraocular lens) whose function is to focus light in the retina. This “cloudiness” limits vision and may lead to blindness if not treated in extreme situations. Cataracts generally developed slowly and are pain-free. For this reason, vision and daily life may be affected without any sign.
To enable a sharp vision, light rays from an object placed in the visual field must converge to a single point of retina. The eye works like a camera – it has an opening in the front part (pupil), a focus mechanism (cornea and eye lens) and a light-sensitive portion in the back part (retina). Eyes affected by significant refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism are not capable of focusing light in the intended retinal region.